The Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Certification is meant for career enhancement as well as gaining knowledge of the LAN/WAN technologies currently available for implementation. Hence, CCNA Certification can be obtained by IT professionals who have been a part of the industry for a considerable time and are interested in furthering their career in terms of role enhancement and salary. Individuals who are beginning their career and want to move towards LAN/WAN management may also pursue the certification, as it is a basic level certification and there are no prerequisites.

Details About CCNA Certification

The CCNA Certification is an ideal foundation in the field of networking. CCNA Certification equips professionals with skills to select, install, configure, troubleshoot, and operate LAN/WAN, and dial access services for small networks. CCNA Certification also equips professionals with the knowledge to employ access lists and use of protocols such as IP, IGRP, Serial, Frame Relay, IP RIP, VLANs, RIP, and basics of the Ethernet Technology, purpose and use of Access Lists.

Pre Requisites: Nil

The CCNA exam has no pre requisites. The aspirant should be comfortable with basic concepts of LAN for his/her own convenient approach to the exam.

CCNA Exams

CCNA Exam Options

Single Exam Option

640-801 CCNA: Introduction to Cisco Networking Technologies and Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices

OR

Multiple Exams option

Should you buy an extended warranty with your laptop? You may not want to think about it now, but sooner or later, something is going to break down on your laptop. When it happens, the big question will be who gets stuck with the bill, you or the manufacturer.

The standard (standard in this case meaning free) warranty on a new laptop typically runs anywhere from 90 days to a year. That probably doesn’t seem like much when you consider how long you expect to own your laptop. What happens when your laptop poops out on the 91st day?

First of all, even if your laptop only includes a 90-day warranty (and assuming you’ve purchased a reputable brand- name system), the chances of your laptop dying on the 91st day are very, very slim.

Manufacturers don’t offer a 90-day warranty with the expectation that their product will malfunction shortly thereafter. A shorter warranty is likely, at least in part, to be a marketing ploy to push you toward an extended warranty.

All major laptop manufacturers offer a long menu of extended warranty options, each menu item with its own price tag. The two biggest components that factor into the cost of an extended warranty are duration and location.

Through extended warranty, you typically have the option to extend the duration of the standard warranty from one to three years. The first extra year is always the most expensive, with each subsequent year costing significantly less. The longer the extended warranty, the better the deal.

As for location, the least expensive extended warranties require you to ship your laptop (at your expense) to a remote repair facility. With the most deluxe extended warranty packages, a service technician will meet you at your own front door to attempt the repairs. This type of coverage tends to be on the expensive side.

At this point, you might decide to research manufacturer websites to determine their standard warranty policies. Don’t bother, because most laptop manufacturers don’t have standard warranty polices. Warranties vary from line to line and product to product. Even with a particular model in mind, it’s still going to take some digging.

So how do you decide whether an extended warranty is right for you? Your best bet is to consider your anticipated usage:

If you’re buying a laptop as a second computer for occasional use when you need to travel, you can probably pass on the extended warranty and still feel relatively safe.

At the other extreme, if you use your laptop day in and day out as your primary system, with half your life spent in airport terminals, you should consider adding as much extended warranty as you possibly can. Fortunately, unlike automobile warranties, laptop warranties don’t put any restriction on mileage.

About The Author

The author, computer journalist John San Filippo, has written the definitive guide for buying a laptop computer at: http://HowToBuyALaptop.com You can also pick up your complimentary ebook titled “Computer Tips From The Experts” at: http://howtobuyalaptop.com/laptop-tips.htm

Camera cell phone video - description.

Camera cell phone video is new development that 2 - 3 years ago found its way into the nowadays cellular phone market. Camera cell phone video is an invention that allows the users of compatible camera cell phones to take short video clips, instead of just pictures. The video feature is great. You have all the functionality of video camera, digital camera, and phone in one gadget. These phones are available for purchase with the qualified service plans.

Camera cell phone video - development.

Camera cell phone video technology was developed not long ago. On November 16, 2000 GEO Interactive Media Group and Samsung Electronics announced the development of MPEG4 streaming video mobile phone. That phone used the “Emblaze A2 chip” to allow video playback. This development was followed by the manufacturing of various models of new cellular phones that provided video support by many other cellular phone companies like Nokia.

Camera cell phone video - Nokia 3650 Phone.

Nokia 3650 is an example of the phones that provide the support of camera cell phone video. This cellular phone is currently supported by cellular service providers like AT&T and T-Mobile. Many features of this phone include but are not limited to Voice Dialing, speakerphone, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and others.

The Nokia 3650 Phone has a built-in digital VGA camera which provides the camera cell phone video capability. With the camera provided with this cellular phone you can either take over 1000 VGA photos or record short video clips. Various formats are supported. You will love this phone for all of its features.

Visit http://www.camera-cell-phones-2u.com

Here’s how to format a hard drive (Legal Stuff: We are not responsible for any damages, lost data, or anything of the sort)…

If you have a computer, you surely know what a hard drive is. If you don’t have one, or simply don’t know what a hard drive is, then this article will begin with a short description of the hard drive. Then we will cover formating a hard drive…

Step 1: What Is A Hard Disk Drive?

A hard disk drive in computing is a type of storage device made up of hard disk platters, a spindle, read and write heads read and write arms, electrical motors, and integrated electronics contained inside an airtight enclosure.

Now you know what the hard drive is. Let’s stick to the point and start with the information on the title of this article. How to format a hard disk drive….

Step 2…

First of all, you should have a reason if you really want to learn how to format a hard drive. But don’t forget that formating a hard drive does NOT permanently delete your data!

Of course, when you format your hard drive you think that the data is really deleted, but that is not the case.

The fact is that the data you have “deleted” can be restored. Nonetheless, you should not experiment with formatting a hard drive because you never know what may happen. Of course, it also depends on the software you use, for example, there are such products that will permanently delete the data you want and then you can continue the process of how to format a hard drive.

Step 3…

In fact there is nothing so difficult in it. You first need to decide what operating system you intend to load after formating a hard drive.

It is best and easiest to use a boot disk for that Operating System, such as MS Dos6.2 or Windows95b or Windows98SE. You will need the proper Windows95/98 boot disk in order to load these operating systems on the computer, else it will reject loading due to the wrong Operating System on the computer.

Step 4…

Then you will have to insert your boot disk in the floppy drive and start the computer.

Once the system has completed booting and an A: prompt appears. You will need to type format C: /s and then press Enter. The function of this command is to tell the system to format your “C” drive and when it is finished to copy the system files to the drive.

The “/s” switches for “System”. You can format a different drive this way by using a different drive letter.

Step 5…

After that you will see on the screen the following text: “WARNING, ALL DATA ON NON-REMOVABLE DISK DRIVE C: WILL BE LOST! Proceed with Format (Y/N)?” and if you really want to continue, type [Y] and then press Enter.

Your screen should display the size of your drive and a countdown in percentage of formatting completed. Depending on your computer’s speed and the size of the drive it can take from a few minutes to over 15 minutes.

When it reaches 100% complete, you will see a new message: FORMAT COMPLETE. SYSTEM TRANSFERRED. This message is to indicate that the files required to boot your computer from the hard drive have been copied from the floppy to the hard drive.

The computer can now boot from the hard drive without a boot disk in the floppy drive.

The last message that will appear on your screen is the following: “Volume label (11 characters, ENTER for none)?” You can either press any key to continue, or simply to press Enter. And now, you can finally begin to load your Operating System.

Keep in mind that you can receive an error message, which says “insufficient memory to load system files”. If you do receive such message, do not worry. It is caused by the lack of a memory manager loaded at boot and your PC can only access the first 1mg of ram memory.

You can handle this situation with two options. The first one is to omit the /s switch when formatting. You should do it by typing this: FORMAT C: and then press Enter. Then when the format is complete, manually add the system files to your hard drive by using this command: SYS C: and press Enter again.

The second solution is to load a memory manager in order to overcome this issue. If you don’t have any you can easily download one from one of the million sites on the Internet.

Step 6…

You see, we have finally reached the end of How To Format A Hard Drive. and consequently ? the end of this article. Now you surely know how to format a hard drive. But, once again, don’t play with the commands if you are not serious about formating a hard drive.

Even if the data is restorable you may do something wrong to your computer. That is why, you should be careful! And now, good luck!

©2004-2005 Brian Maroevich

About The Author

Brian Maroevich is founder of Cheap-Computers-Guild.com. Brian is also an author, marketing consultant, computer enthusiast, and athlete. Email: brian@cheap-computers-guild.com

Computer related terminology could sometimes be daunting to newcomers. These are relatively new words or hybrids of words, already in existence. Someone with a degree in English, for example, could not necessarily guess, the function of a particular devise, by its name. This is because such a devise never existed in history or in the history of the English language.

Tolerance and patience is required.

If you work in the field of computers, these "new" words must be learned. However, P.C.’s are designed for use by ordinary people, and the gritty details regarding their construction, can be largely ignored. A journalist, typist, builder or bookkeeper doesn’t need to know what an EIDE or SCSI is, or indeed isn’t.

Hard drive description is not relevant to the majority, as long as the devise is functional.

A "BUS", though, could be guessed by some, as it carries something, not unlike a conventional bus. In this case, it carries current/electrons/data, and is simply a conductor. A bus conductor, if you like. For now, buses are made of copper with experiments underway to utilise other materials. I read recently that "prions", which are a type of protein, are been considered as conductors. Will some of our computers’ components be organic? We shall have to see!

Fibre optics, which are, basically speaking, glass pipes around four thousands of an inch (0.1 mms.), in diameter, employ the speed of light, for signal/data transfer. A light (diode), is on or off, at one end, and a photo-resistor at the other end registers its state. Now, wasn’t that simply put! These glass pipes are coated to reflect the light inwards, meaning that light can be "bent" around corners, while within its container/pipe. Heat generation is minimal and electrical resistance is redundant.

It is heat generation and resistance that brings your "fan" into play, keeping everything cool, and electron transfer at a controlled level.

Low resistance= high current. Your starter motor for your car has really thick cables allowing electrons from the twelve volt power source (battery) to do their job in turning over you engine, which is a considerably difficult task. A smaller cable would have a higher electrical resistance, causing it to overheat, and eventually, melt. Keep listening for that "fan".

It is your computers first line of defense.

In fact, it is the principle of electrical resistance that is employed by electrical heaters.

CACHE is not legal tender in most countries, but a type of memory that your CPU (central processing unit ) first looks for. It does this, not to be awkward, but more because it is the fastest route, from a users point of view.

About The Author

Seamus Dolly is the webmaster of http://www.CountControl.com. His background is in engineering and analogue electronics. His studies include A+,iNet and Server+

seamus@countcontrol.com

It is not rocket science, we all know that we should have a disaster recovery plan in place for our business regardless of its size. When disaster strikes, it seldom discriminates on the size of the company. Every business is vulnerable. Whether the disaster is a hurricane, tornado or the latest virus or worm unleashing fury on your computers and databases, every business faces risks.

A small business is seldom immune, and in many cases a small business is the most vulnerable of all businesses because they simply aren’t prepared for disasters. Large corporations allocate resources (staff and budgets) and are as a whole more prepared to face the unexpected. Most of the fortune 500 companies have disaster recovery plans in place to insure the continuity of their businesses.

So, what’s the key ingredient necessary to recovery from a disaster with the least amount of damage to the business? It’s really very simple. The key ingredient is a having a plan before the disaster strikes. It is virtually impossible, to be organized and strategically think through and implement a disaster recovery plan while in the throws of a disaster.

However, when all conceivable disasters have been imagined and contingency plans are calmly and methodically implemented in advance, a company has a tremendous advantage. Contingencies are now in place to fall back on when and if a disastrous event occurs. You are beginning to get the picture. Protecting the company assets and sustaining the least amount of damage, is simply a matter of planning and making that plan known to all corners of the corporation. It is importing to oversee properly implemented prior to any need. This is business continuity in a nutshell, and business continuity is becoming more and more important as we move into the new millennium.

Business continuity, for the small entrepreneur, doesn’t have to be as complicated as we try to make it.

A few simple questions can help you determine how extensive your disaster recovery system needs to be. One of the first questions to ask is what would happen to the business if all of the data processed in the last hour was lost? How hard would it be to recover if you lost all of the data over the last 24 hours? Or what about losing a week’s worth of data? If you are a banker, or a stock broker, losing even hour’s worth of data would be unacceptable. You can imagine the nightmares that would cause! However, if you are a shoe store, losing data for a day would be inconvenient, but not tragic. These types of questions will help you determine the level of risk your company can live with, and how to move forward in your planning.

If data recovery is essential to your business, experts in this field are available to make sure you have done all that can be done to minimize any damage that could be caused from a disaster of any type. Expert disaster recovery planners and business continuity planners are trained to help find solutions that are not obvious. It is not necessary to re-invent the wheel!

If you are like most small entrepreneurs, you are probably able to put a perfectly good plan in place on your own. Take a few minutes and imagine the most disastrous event that could happen to your small business right now ? Do you have a plan as to how your small business would attempt to recover? A scary thought, but isn’t it something that you should take a minute to consider and plan for. This enables you to put into place NOW the very things that you would want and need to have at the time of the disaster.

Pre-disaster planning makes recovering from the unthinkable possible. If you fail to plan, you can plan to fail. It is simple. Don’t think planning for disasters are something to put off until you have nothing else to do. The success of your small business may depend on your taking the time now to review your situation carefully and consider all of the worst case possibilities for disasters that you hope never happen. Remember, disasters don’t make appointments to happen!

What can I do if I didn’t do my disaster recovery planning?

The most common disaster for a company is not the Tsunami or the hurricane, but the simple loss of data. Computer crashes, hard drive failures, and software malfunctions cost corporations millions of dollars every day. Disaster recoveries are completely dependent on the reliability of the backup systems in place at the time of disaster.

Server disaster recovery software is available for those caught without a plan or those who failed to properly implement a data backup plan. It is not always reliable, and often a very costly solution for a business. So, why take the risk. Consider your business continuity planning a top priority. If a disaster should strike, you will be very glad you did!

Renee Rich is a success entrepreneur and freelance writer offering guidance and suggestions for small to mid-sized businesses concerned with business continuity, time management, strategic internet marketing, business & money. Her many articles on these topics can be found at http://www.business-continuity-4u.com She gives information and tips to help grow your business, save money, and make informed buying decisions. You can find more information at: http://www.business-continuity-4u.com/business_&_money.htm

Many vendors offering Instant Messaging (IM) services have added new capabilities such as voice messaging and file sharing. Among others, AOL, Microsoft, and Yahoo offer these IM services.

Clients of Instant Messaging services are also easy prey for the community of hackers. Using a simple monitoring program, the plain text from Instant Messaging can be easily captured and creates vulnerability to electronic eavesdropping. .

In one version of AOL’s Instant Messenger, aka AIM, a user was found to have been the target of a hacker attack. The villainous hacker had crafted a URL which, when clicked by the user with AIM on their desktop, allowed the hacker to execute a virus on the victim’s system. What is particularly sinister about this is that AIM does not have to be running for this type of virus to deploy.

Another avenue of attack is when victims are simply sent an HTML email with a link that when clicked will execute one or all of the following: a privilege elevation attack, a denial of service attack, or the installation of a backdoor for later use, to name a few.

Using a computer phone service that operates on secure lines with high end encryption codec on proprietary patented technology that features IM capability will optimally protect you against these vicious hacker attacks.

The above information is an excerpt taken from an in-depth and exclusive Report entitled "Why Hackers Love Computer Phones ? A Shocking Report You Must Read!" by Dee Scrip available only at http://www.whypay4calls.com/gtp/to.pl?l=ART-01

Camera cell phone by Verizon ? offer with a service plan.

Camera cell phone by Verizon offer is just an example of many types of camera cell phones offered by various service providers. The list of service providers includes but is not limited to Verizon Wireless, Sprint PCS, AT&T, T-Mobile, Cingular Wireless, and many more. Camera Cell Phone by Verizon can be offered to you at the discounted price as a promotion if you will sign up for the cellular phone service plan offered by Verizon.

Camera cell phone by Verizon ? sign up for a service plan.

Sprint PCS allows you to choose your camera cellular phone by Sprint and has many different service plans. You can select one of the cellular phone services based on different factors: customer service, voice quality, ease of use, coverage, additional services like SMS text messaging, location, and many more.

Camera cell phone by Verizon - LG VX6000.

The LG VX6000 is an example of the LG camera cell phone by Verizon. This cell phone has a lot of wonderful features which include but are not limited to built-in camera, Internet access, Pix Messaging, polyphonic ring tones, and a full-color internal screen and external screen. This camera cell phone by Verizon also offers very large phone book where you can store all your contacts, and voice activated dialing. This phone has a stylish and attractive design

The built-in camera of this camera cell phone by Verizon is an excellent addition to the phone. The user of the cellular phone can use the camera’s zoom control and three resolution adjustments. Internet capability can be used to download your favorite ring tones, games, or search for something that you need to find via the Internet.

Visit http://www.camera-cell-phones-2u.com

Thinking about getting a new computer, but with all the choices out there are you getting a little overwhelmed? Well why not look into building your own computer? By building your own computer you can get all the options you really want, whether you need a graphics design machine, game machine or just a simple word processor. You can tailor the computer to your specific needs. Now I know what you are thinking, "Isn’t building a computer difficult? I don’t want to screw anything up." Well with a little reading, assembling your computer will be cake.

Most computer parts will only fit in the slots that they are intended for, so there is little possibility of plugging something in the wrong spot, but a little preparation and reading can go a long way. There are literally hundreds of sites on the web with tutorials that you can check out. Now be careful because some will be better than others, try to read a few so that you can really get a feel for what you are going to do. One of the sites I recommend you check out is http://www.cheap-computers-and-parts.com.

When you go about purchasing the parts, like any other big purchase, price them out, you may find that the price of parts varies between stores. Usually you’ll be able to make a deal with one of the stores around to give you all the parts at the lowest price you found, saving you some cash, and the hassle of driving all over town picking up parts.

Once you’ve got all parts you want and need, and you’ve read a few tutorials, its time to put it all together and enjoy your very own brand new computer.

About The Author

Kevin Hinton - http://www.cheap-computers-and-parts.com

OK, so you caught a computer virus and your system is all screwed up and you’re frustrated and angry and upset. Bad luck.

Here’s something that might make you feel better …

The universe has true balance. And if a computer virus causes bad luck for the user it can also cause bad luck for the person who launched it.

Computer virus creators are usually very young and do not realize, or care, that they are causing harm to others. They just think it’s cool. What they don’t realize is that when a virus is launched it also unleashes a mystical power into the world, a malevolent thing that does bad things and makes victims of other people.

What these teen and pre-teen computer terrorists also don’t realize is what goes around comes around. The universe will get them. Sooner or later. Payback time. They cause you bad luck, bad luck will befall them. What goes around comes around. If they launch a virus, causing bad luck for millions of people, in return, that can unleash and focus millions of bad vibes, BIG bad luck, back at them. That could mean serious bad luck for the launcher of a virus. Perhaps their mother will finally become totally disgusted with their attitude and behavior and cease to love them. Maybe they’ll end up in a foster home, too old for adoption. Or maybe they’ll have to run away and live on the streets, with no place to hook up their computer. Or maybe they won’t run away but will get a weird but temporary brain disease that prevents them from using a computer until they’re old enough to use it responsibly. Bad luck for them.

The computer virus. Bad luck for you, worse luck for the one who launches it.

About The Author

Maya Pinion is a New Age writer, contributing editor at News4Net and, for those who wish to discover their true destiny, highly recommends DestinyFinders.com